Red Light Therapy and Concussions

Understanding Concussions and TBIs

A concussion is a type of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) that occurs when an external force disrupts normal brain function. Common causes include sports-related impacts, falls, car accidents, and physical assaults. Because TBIs can lead to persistent or even lifelong cognitive and neurological problems, identifying effective treatment approaches is crucial. In the United States, it’s estimated that around 1.5 million people experience a TBI each year.

The term TBI covers a wide spectrum of brain injuries caused by external trauma. These injuries vary in severity and can be classified as:

• Mild TBI – temporary confusion and headaches.
• Moderate TBI – extended disorientation and cognitive difficulties.
• Severe TBI – major cognitive impairment and potential long-term disability. 

TBIs also progress through different stages. The acute phase lasts hours to weeks and involves immediate injury responses, while the chronic phase extends for weeks, months, or even years, often depending on the initial severity.

While concussions fall under the mild TBI category, they can still result in prolonged issues, particularly if they occur repeatedly. One of the most concerning long-term outcomes of repeated concussions is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive neurodegenerative condition tied to recurrent head trauma.

What Happens in the Brain After a Concussion? 

Three key processes contribute to brain dysfunction following a TBI: 

1. Neuroinflammation – Inflammation develops shortly after injury. While it initially helps repair damage, excessive or prolonged inflammation increases the risk of chronic neurological problems, including brain fog, mood disorders, and CTE. 
2. Oxidative stress – The brain generates high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can overwhelm natural defenses, leading to cellular damage. 
3. Metabolic dysfunction – After a TBI, the brain struggles to efficiently use glucose, resulting in an “energy crisis.” Cells deprived of adequate energy are less able to repair themselves, slowing recovery. 

These factors are interconnected. For example, impaired metabolism fuels inflammation and oxidative stress, while inflammation can further damage energy pathways. This vicious cycle explains why recovery from concussions can be lengthy and why some patients experience lingering symptoms. 

How Red Light Therapy May Help 

Red Light Therapy (also called photobiomodulation, or PBM) uses specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light to stimulate cellular activity. Near-infrared light, in particular, penetrates deeper into tissues, reaching brain cells. 

Research on Red Light Therapy for Concussions 

Scientific studies exploring PBM for concussions have been carried out in both animal models and human trials, with encouraging findings. 

Acute TBI 

Because it’s difficult to recruit human participants immediately after a head injury, most acute-phase studies have used animal models. A 2023 review of 17 animal studies found that applying light therapy within the first few hours after injury improved neurological outcomes and reduced brain lesion size. Best results were seen with combined red and near-infrared wavelengths, treatment within four hours, and multiple daily sessions. Limited human data suggest PBM is safe in acute TBI, though more research is needed. 

Chronic TBI 

Far more human studies have investigated PBM during the chronic phase of TBI. A 2024 review of 16 clinical trials reported consistent improvements in neuropsychological function and cerebral blood flow. Notable studies include: 

• 2019 – Twelve veterans with long-standing TBIs experienced better cognitive function and improved blood flow after six weeks of combined red and near-infrared light therapy. 
• 2020 – A professional hockey player with chronic concussion symptoms improved in brain volume, connectivity, and cognitive test scores after eight weeks of near-infrared therapy. 
• 2023 – Four retired football players with suspected CTE reported better sleep, mood, and reduced PTSD symptoms after six weeks of near-infrared sessions. 

Together, these findings suggest PBM may provide both subjective relief (better sleep, mood, and pain reduction) and objective benefits (increased blood flow, improved brain structure and function). 

Practical Use of Red Light Therapy in TBI 

Recovery from TBIs usually involves three overlapping steps: stabilization, symptom management, and rehabilitation. PBM can play a supportive role in all of them. While devices for home use are available, professional guidance—especially in the acute phase—is recommended. 

When selecting a device, consider: 

• Wavelength – Red light (620–700nm) and near-infrared light (700–1100nm) both penetrate tissues, with near-infrared showing the strongest evidence for brain-related benefits. 
• Light intensity – Research has used a range of 10–100mW/cm², and multiple levels appear effective. 
• Device design – Comfort and ease of use are critical. Wireless, rechargeable, and head-fitting devices tend to be the most practical. 
• Light source – Modern devices typically use LED technology, which is safe and cost-effective compared to older laser-based models. 

Treatment protocols vary, but research supports sessions lasting 10–40 minutes, 3–5 times per week. More than one session per day is not recommended. 

Final Thoughts 

Red Light Therapy is emerging as a promising, non-invasive approach for supporting brain recovery after concussions. By addressing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and metabolic dysfunction, PBM offers a multi-faceted path to healing. Clinical research, especially in chronic TBI, shows improvements in mood, sleep, cognition, and brain function. With appropriate device selection and professional oversight, it represents a safe and empowering option for those seeking additional recovery support. 

Medical Disclaimer: The information provided on this site, including text, graphics, images, and other material are for informational purposes only and are not intended to substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other healthcare professional with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition.

References

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